基于博弈论的零售商与供应商关系探讨

本文运用博弈论对零售商与供应商的关系进行了分析,认为在非合作博弈条件下,零售商与供应商为追求各自利益的最大化,必然会相互竞争,这正是目前零售商与供应商矛盾冲突的根源;而在合作博弈条件下,零售商与供应商之间相互合作的结果要优于非合作博弈。文章提出,要实现零售商与供应商之间的合作博弈,应具备一定的前提和条件,必须采取措施消除阻碍零售商与供应商进行合作的障碍,创造合作博弈的环境和氛围,使零售商与供应商相互信任,创造零售商与供应商重复博弈的条件,公开企业市场行为信息,增加破坏合作的违约成本。     

From reviving tradition to fostering innovation and changing marketing: the evolution of micro-brewing in the UK and US, 1980–2012

Abstract

The purpose of this article is to explore and examine the impressive growth of small and micro-breweries registered in the UK and US from the early 1980s. While the majority of British and American breweries continue to operate in spatially restricted areas and niche markets, a few businesses expanded significantly in terms of production and turnover, gradually acquiring larger shares of the market and competing with multinational producers at home as well as abroad. The cases of BrewDog and Sierra Nevada, used as case study examples in this article, provide an original account on how once-upon-a-time micro-breweries grew into well established companies by pursuing aggressive strategies in terms of marketing and innovation respectively.     

欧盟对华贸易逆差问题研究

在中国与欧盟贸易高速发展的同时,欧盟对华贸易逆差不断扩大。本文运用来自欧盟、世界贸易组织以及中国国内的大量统计数据,对欧盟对华贸易逆差的成因进行解析。分析表明:欧盟的经济政策与欧元的持续升值、中国产业结构的调整、欧盟对华贸易“逆差集中效应”,以及欧盟全球化配置资源的需要促成了欧盟对华贸易逆差不断扩大,这四大因素将对未来欧盟与中国的贸易产生持续的影响。     

基于熵权与改进的TOPSIS法的蔬菜供应商评估研究

蔬菜供应链的基础上,借助于熵权与相关系数矩阵的TOPSIS法相结合的供应商评价模型。首先构建供应商的评价指标体系,然后采用熵权法得到各指标的权重,再结合实例验证该模型的可行性。结果表明该模型能够更客观地对蔬菜供应商的选择进行有效评估。     

Industry concentration,excess returns and innovation in Australia

This paper examines market concentration and stock returns on the Australian Securities Exchange. We find that dominant companies operating in concentrated industries in Australia are able to generate significant risk‐adjusted excess stock returns. Our results for Australian data are opposite to that found by Hou and Robinson (2006) for United States market data. Hou and Robinson reason that United States firms which operate in concentrated industries are insulated from competitive pressures, have lower levels of innovation (Arrow, 1962) and therefore experience lower profitability and stock returns. By contrast, the Australian data show a significant and positive relationship between concentration and innovation expenditure. Therefore, the excess stock returns of dominant companies in Australia are consistent with previous research linking innovation expenditure with excess stock returns. We hypothesize that the apparent contradiction of our results compared with Hou and Robinson (2006) for the United States market is resolved by an examination of the differences in size and competition in United States and Australian industries and the consequent differential ability of dominant companies in the two countries to generate monopoly rents and invest in ‘Schumpeterian’ (Schumpeter, 1942) innovation.     

一体式A/O反应器处理高浓度有机废水实验研究

采用一体式A/O工艺对传统工艺进行改造,进行了一体式厌氧-好氧反应器(IAOR)生物流化床处理高浓度有机废水启动与运行实验。实验结果表明:在16～20℃下,25d完成反应器启动;在20～28℃下,反应器运行40d后,HRT缩短为20h,进水CODCr浓度提高为11800mg/L,容积负荷增加为13.2KgCOD/(m3·d)时,厌氧反应区CODCr去除率可达73%,好氧区可达95%,IAOR系统可达99%。证明IAOR反应器处理效率高,启动快,抗冲击负荷能力强,出水水质优良,适合于处理浓度高、水质水量变化大的有机废水。具有良好的工业应用前景。     

Price Rigidity and Industrial Concentration: Evidence from the Indonesian Food and Beverages Industry

This paper investigates the relationship between industrial concentration and price rigidity in the Indonesian food and beverages industry. A Cournot model of firm behavior is used in which prices adjust according to a partial adjustment mechanism. The model is applied to panel data of the Indonesian food and beverages industry over the period 1995–2006. The results suggest that industrial concentration has a positive effect on percentage price changes. Furthermore, the speed of price adjustment is higher when the per unit cost of production rises.     

Invariances and Diversities in the Patterns of Industrial Evolution: Some Evidence from Italian Manufacturing Industries

This work explores and compares some basic properties of corporate growth process at both aggregate manufacturing level and disaggregated sectoral levels. Using an extensive dataset on Italian manufacturing firms, we investigate which properties of firm growth dynamics are robust under disaggregation. We compare the results obtained with three different definitions of firm size, namely total sales, number of employees and value added. Our analysis suggests that while different sectors are characterized by significant differences in firm size distributions, in the degrees of concentration and in the autoregressive structure of the growth processes, there are also regularities which hold across all of them, such as the approximate unit root nature of the growth process and the power exponential shape of the growth rates density. Together, these “stylized facts” suggest challenging puzzles on the drivers of corporate growth and the resulting industrial structures.     

Exploring the Effects of Union–NGO Relationships on Corporate Responsibility: The Case of the Swedish Clean Clothes Campaign

In the current era, governments are playing smaller roles in regulating workers’ rights internationally, and transnational corporations (TNCs), non-governmental organisations (NGOs) involved in the struggle for workers’ rights, and labour/trade unions have started to fill this governance gap. This paper focuses on the least researched of the relationships among these three actors, the union–NGO relationship, by analysing the ways in which it affects definitions of TNC responsibility for workers’ rights at their suppliers’ factories. Based on a qualitative study of the union–NGO relationship in the Swedish garment industry between 1996 and 2005, we propose that there are six main configurations of union–NGO relationships. By linking these configurations to their effects on TNC responsibility, we propose that co-ordination relationships between unions and NGOs, particularly high-commitment co-ordination relationships, are likely to result in a broadening of the definition of TNC responsibility, while conflictual relationships, both high and low commitment, result in a narrowing of the definition of TNC responsibility. The study indicates that co-operation is generally more beneficial for both unions and NGOs than is any form of conflictual relationship, in terms of broadening the definition of TNC responsibility.     

流通垄断的福利经济学分析及其测度

本文主要考察流通垄断的特殊性及其福利经济学测度。流通垄断与生产垄断相比，其垄断行为和垄断结构具有很多特殊性和复杂性。在目前阶段，流通市场的低集中度是制约我国流通产业发展的一个重要原因，大型流通企业之间的合并和重组一方面可以实现流通的规模经济，另一方面又有可能导致垄断程度的提高，本文通过一个简单的流通企业合并模型，从福利经济学的视角探讨了这种合并的两难效应，并进一步分析了此种情形下的反垄断措施。